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JWT Security Checklist

A comprehensive checklist to ensure your JWT implementation is secure

Application Type

Security Level

Token

Use a strong secret key for token signing

Implement token expiration (e.g., 1 hour)

Use refresh tokens for obtaining new access tokens

Include essential claims (iss, sub, exp, iat)

Use a secure random number generator for token IDs

Implement basic token revocation (e.g., via a blacklist)

Use HMAC-SHA256 or stronger algorithms for token signatures

Include the token audience (aud claim) in the JWT

Implement token permissions or scopes for access control

Use separate keys for different operations (e.g., signing, encryption)

Implement key rotation mechanism for signing keys

Use secure key management practices

Avoid storing sensitive information in JWT claims

Implement token versioning for future-proofing

Use nested JWTs when additional security is needed

Storage

Implement service-to-service authentication

Use short-lived tokens for inter-service communication

Implement centralized token issuance and validation

Use API gateways for token validation and routing

Implement fine-grained access control for each microservice

Use distributed caching for token validation

Implement circuit breakers for token validation services

Use secure service discovery for dynamic token validation

Implement token propagation across service calls

Use separate encryption keys for each microservice

Implement token scoping for specific microservices

Use secure logging practices to prevent token leakage

Implement token introspection for validation

Use mutual TLS for service-to-service communication

Implement token exchange for crossing security domains

Transmission

Use HTTPS for all communications

Use secure headers (e.g., Strict-Transport-Security)

Implement HSTS

Use secure TLS version (TLS 1.2+)

Implement basic API versioning

Use secure WebSocket connections if applicable

Implement proper error handling to prevent information leakage

Use content security policy (CSP)

Implement rate limiting for API endpoints

Use secure cookie attributes (Secure, HttpOnly, SameSite)

Validation

Validate token signature

Check token expiration

Validate essential claims (iss, aud, sub, exp)

Implement basic rate limiting

Validate token permissions or scopes

Implement token revocation checking

Use secure random number generators

Validate token format and structure

Implement basic anomaly detection

Use secure time synchronization for expiration checks

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